C++ Programming Tutorial for Beginners

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C++ Language Features

• Object-oriented: C++ is an object-oriented programming language. This means that the focus is on “objects” and manipulations around these objects. Information about how these manipulations work is abstracted out from the consumer of the object.
• Rich library support: Through C++ Standard Template Library (STL) many functions are available that help in quickly writing code. For instance, there are standard libraries for various containers like sets, maps, hash tables, etc.
• Speed: C++ is the preferred choice when latency is a critical metric. The compilation, as well as the execution time of a C++ program, is much faster than most other general purpose programming languages.
• Compiled: A C++ code has to be first compiled into low-level code and then executed, unlike interpreted programming languages where no compilation is needed.
• Pointer Support: C++ also supports pointers which are widely used in programming and are often not available in several programming languages.

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Basic Concepts of Object Oriented Programming

It is necessary to understand some of the concepts used extensively in object-oriented programming.These include:

• Object
• Classes
• Data abstraction and encapsulation
• Inheritance
• Polymorphism
• Dynamic binding
• Message passing

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Object

In C++, Object is a real world entity, for example, chair, car, pen, mobile, laptop etc. In other words, object is an entity that has state and behavior. Here, state means data and behavior means functionality. Object is a runtime entity, it is created at runtime.

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Classes

The main purpose of C++ programming is to add object orientation to the C programming language and classes are the central feature of C++ that supports object-oriented programming and are often called user-defined types. A class is used to specify the form of an object and it combines data representation and methods for manipulating that data into one neat package. The data and functions within a class are called members of the class.

When you define a class, you define a blueprint for a data type. This doesn't actually define any data, but it does define what the class name means, that is, what an object of the class will consist of and what operations can be performed on such an object. A class definition starts with the keyword class followed by the class name; and the class body, enclosed by a pair of curly braces. A class definition must be followed either by a semicolon or a list of declarations

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Data abstraction and Encapsulation

Data abstraction is the reduction of a particular body of data to a simplified representation of the whole. Abstraction, in general, is the process of taking away or removing characteristics from something in order to reduce it to a set of essential characteristics.

Encapsulation is an Object Oriented Programming concept that binds together the data and functions that manipulate the data, and that keeps both safe from outside interference and misuse. Data encapsulation led to the important OOP concept of data hiding. Data encapsulation is a mechanism of bundling the data, and the functions that use them and data abstraction is a mechanism of exposing only the interfaces and hiding the implementation details from the user.

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Inheritance

The capability of a class to derive properties and characteristics from another class is called Inheritance. Inheritance is one of the most important feature of Object Oriented Programming.

• Sub Class: The class that inherits properties from another class is called Sub class or Derived Class.
• Super Class:The class whose properties are inherited by sub class is called Base Class or Super class.

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Polymorphism

Polymorphism. Polymorphism means "many forms", and it occurs when we have many classes that are related to each other by inheritance. Like we specified in the previous chapter; Inheritance lets us inherit attributes and methods from another class. Polymorphism uses those methods to perform different tasks.

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Dynamic Binding

Dynamic binding happens when all information needed for a function call cannot be determined at compile-time. Static binding can be achieved using the normal function calls, function overloading and operator overloading while dynamic binding can be achieved using the virtual functions.

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Message Passing

C++ has virtual functions to support this. Message Passing: Objects communicate with one another by sending and receiving information to each other. A message for an object is a request for execution of a procedure and therefore will invoke a function in the receiving object that generates the desired results.

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Program List

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• C++ Introduction
• Hello World In C++
• Why we using namespace std in C++
• Getting Inputs in C++
• std::string class in C++
• if Statement in C++
• if else Statement in C++
• else if Statement in C++
• Nested if Statement in C++
• Switch Statement in C++
• Group Switch Statement in C++
• Salary Calculation using IF Statement in C++
• Insurance Eligibility Status using C++
• Library Fine Calculation using C++
• While Loop in C++
• do While Loop in C++
• For Loop in C++
• For Each Loop in C++
• Sum of N Numbers in C++
• Factors of a Given Number using C++
• Armstrong Number using C++
• Prime Number using C++
• Arrays in C++
• Search an Element in an array in C++
• Sum of Elements in an array in C++
• Greatest Elements in an array in C++
• Sort Elements in an array in C++
• Function In C++
• Function Overloading In C++
• Default Argument Function In C++
• Template In C++
• Enum In C++
• Class in C++
• What is Public Access Specifier in C++
• What is Private Access Specifier in C++
• Scope Resolution :: Operator in C++
• Default Constructor in C++
• Parametrized Constructor in C++
• Copy Constructor in C++
• Constructor Overloading in C++
• Destructor Overloading in C++
• Single Inheritance in C++
• Multiple Inheritance in C++
• Multilevel Inheritance in C++
• Hybrid Inheritance in C++
• Hierarchical Inheritance in C++
• Diamond Problem in C++
• Diamond Problem using Constructor in C++
• Bank Management System using Class & inheritance in C++
• What is Protected Access Specifier in C++
• Function Overriding in C++
• Operator Overloading in C++
• Unary Operator Overloading in C++
• Base Class Pointer derived Class Object in C++
• Virtual Function in C++
• Sample Virtual Function in C++
• Pure Virtual Function & Abstract Class in C++
• What is Abstraction in C++
• Getter & Setter , this Keyword in C++
• Static variables and Static Function in C++
• Friend Function in C++
• Friend Class in C++
• Change Private Values Using Friend Class in C++
• Single Value Member Initializer List in C++
• Multiple Value Member Initializer List in C++
• Add value to Base Class Constructor Using Member Initializer List in C++
• Initialized Const variable using Member Initializer List in C++
• Constructor’s parameter name is same as data member using Member Initializer List in C++
• Narrowing conversion Problem in Member Initializer in C++
• inline Function in C++
• Lambda Expressions/Functions in C++
• Preprocessor Directive in C++
• Character Classification Functions in C++
• rand() in C++
• Exception Handling in C++
• Write a File using C++ fstream
• Read a File using C++ fstream
• STL-Array in C++
• STL-Vector in C++
• STL-deque in C++
• STL-List in C++
• STL-Stack in C++

Flow Control

• Hello World
• Input From User in C++
• Arithmetic Operators in C++
• Assignment Operators in C++
• Comparison Operators in C++
• Logical Operators in C++
• Math Functions in C++

IF Statement Examples

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• If Statement in C++
• If-Else Statement in C++
• If-Else-If Statement in C++

Switch Case

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• Basic Switch Case Example
• Calculator using Switch Case
• Present Elevator Position in C++
• Hotel Management in C++
• Display Month in C++
• Find Vowels in C++
• Find Weekend in C++
• Find Weekdays in C++

Goto Statement

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• Factorial using Goto in C++
• Printing Even Numbers using Goto
• Printing Given Word using Goto
• Printing Numbers using Goto
• Printing Odd Numbers using Goto
• Sum of Numbers using Goto
• Print Tables using Goto
• Print Reverse Tables using Goto

Break and Continue

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• Printing Numbers in C++
• Printing Continues Numbers in C++

While Loop

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• Armstrong Number using While Loop
• Decimal to Binary in C++
• Printing Even & Odd Numbers
• Printing Positive & Negative Numbers
• Prime between two Numbers
• Find Prime or Composite
• Printing Numbers in C++
• Tables using While Loop
• Reverse Tables using While Loop

Do While Loop

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• Printing Array using Do While Loop
• Printing given Word
• Printing Numbers using Do While Loop

For Loop

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• Sum of Numbers using For Loop
• Sum of Two Square using For Loop
• Alphabet Diamond Pattern
• Armstrong number using For Loop
• Cubic Numbers using For Loop
• Divisible by 7 using For Loop
• Fibonacci series using For Loop
• Formula Examples using For Loop
• Reverse Number Pattern
• Number Patterns using For Loop
• Odd & Even Numbers using For Loop
• Printing Star Diamond Pattern in C++
• Printing Flag Pattern in C++
• Printing Pyramid Pattern in C++
• Printing Boat Pattern in C++
• Diamond Pattern Outline in C++
• Square Pattern Outline in C++
• Triangle Pattern Outline in C++
• Printing Tables using For Loop
• Reverse table using For Loop
• Sum of Even & Odd using For Loop
• Squaring Numbers using For Loop
• Reverse Printing Number using in C++
• Prime or Composite using For Loop
• Common Patten Examples in C++

Friend Function in C++

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• Basic Friend Function Example
• Addition using Friend Function
• Character Integer using Friend Function
• Find Distance using Friend Function
• Length of Box using Friend Function
• Private & Protected Example in C++

String Examples

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• Basic Example of String in C++
• Addition using String
• String Append in C++
• String Capacity Function in C++
• String Character Change in C++
• String Concatenation in C++
• String Input Getline in C++
• String Length in C++
• String Palindrome in C++
• Remove Duplicate String in C++
• String Resize in C++
• String Reverse without using Function
• Sentence Case Example using String
• Swapping String in C++

Array Examples

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• Display Marks using Array
• Find Largest Number using Array
• Find Second Largest Number using Array
• Find Second Smallest Number using Array
• Find Smallest Number using Array
• Print Values using Array
• Print Array Values using While Loop
• Sum of Array Average using Array
• Transpose Matrix using Array
• Two Dimensional Array Addition
• Array Addition using Class Function
• Two Dimensional Array Subtraction
• Three Dimensional Array Example

Structure Examples

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• Area of Rectangle using Structure
• Book Information using Structure
• Person Information using Structure
• Student Information using Structure

Structure & Pointer Examples

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• Basic Example of Structure & Pointer
• Show Book Details in C++
• Find Length in C++

Structure & Functions Examples

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• Area of Rectangle in C++
• Show Book Information in C++
• Show Person Information in C++

Enumeration Examples

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• Direction Example in C++
• Week Days Example in C++

Template Examples

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• Addition using Template
• Data Types Example using Template

Functions

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• Hello World using Function
• Call by Value & Reference in C++
• Function Overloading in C++
• Function Parameter Examples in C++
• Function Recursion Example in C++
• Arithmetic Operators using Function in C++
• Sum of two Numbers in C++
• Difference between two Numbers in C++
• Division of two Numbers in C++
• Product of two Numbers in C++
• Check Prime Number using Function
• Tables using Function in C++
• Update Function in C++
• Display Marksheet using Function in C++
• Function with Argument Examples in C++

Inheritance Examples

Hierarchical Inheritance

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• Basic Example of Hierarchical
• Area of Rectangle Example

Hybrid Inheritance

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• Multiplication using Hybrid Inheritance

Multilevel Inheritance

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• Basic Example of Multilevel Inheritance
• Eat Sleep Code Example

Multiple Inheritance

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• Basic Example of Multiple Inheritance
• Addition using Multiple Inheritance

Single Level Inheritance

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• Basic Example of Single Level Inheritance
• Eating Coding Program
• Print Salary Bonus Example in C++
• Multiplication using Single Level Inheritance

Class and Objects

• Find Box Volume using Objects
• Class and Object Example in C++
• Object Creation Example in C++
• Basic Example of Multiple Objects

Constructor Example

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• Area of Rectangle using Constructor
• Constructor Overloading Example
• Constructor Invoking Example
• Constructor Deep Copy Example
• Copy Constructor Basic Example
• Copy Constructor Shallow Copy
• Parameterized Constructor Example

Destructor Example

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• Destructor Example in C++

Operator Overloading Example

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• Assignment Operator Overloading Example
• Binary Operator Example
• Increment & Decrement Example
• Input & Output Example
• Relational Operator Distance Example
• Operator Overloading Example
• Distance Measuring using Unary Operator

Operator and Function Example

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• Display Values using Friend Function

List of Programs

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• Classes Example in C++
• Pointer to Classes in C++
• Data Hiding in C++
• Constructor Example in C++
• Copy Constructor in C++
• Scope Example in C++
• Inline Function in C++
• Struct vs Class in C++
• Operator Overloading in C++
• Friend Function in C++
• Insertion Overload in C++
• Inheritance Example in C++
• Single Inheritance in C++
• Access Specifier in C++
• Function Overriding in C++
• Runtime Polymorphism in C++
• Abstract Class in C++
• Friend Class in C++
• Static Member in C++
• Static Member Function in C++
• Nested or InnerClass in C++
• Dynamic Heap in C++
• Try Catch in C++
• Try Catch Function in C++
• More About Catch in C++
• Template in C++
• Template Class in C++

Pointer Examples

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• Basic Example of Pointer in C++
• This Pointer Example in C++
• Null Pointer Example in C++

Memory Management Examples

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• Dynamic Memory Allocation Example
• Creation & Deletion Array Example

Pointers and Arrays

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• Basic Example of Pointer & Array
• Print Character using Pointer & Array
• Print Floating Values Example in C++
• Print Array Values Example in C++

Virtual Function Examples

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• Basic Example of Virtual Function
• Load Features Example in C++

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