Aligning strings in console and Implementing Basic Command Line Behavior

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Aligning strings in console

The method PrintWriter.format (called through System.out.format) can be used to print aligned strings in console. The method receives a String with the format information and a series of objects to format:

String dataEntries[] = new String[] {"A",
                                     "BCD",
                                     "EFGHIJ",
                                     "KLMNOPQR"};
 
String format1 = "%-4s"; // min 4 characters, left aligned
String format2 = "%-6.9s"; // min 6 and max 9 characters, left aligned
String format3 = "%7.7s"; // fixed size 7 characters, right aligned
String formatInfo = format1 + " " + format2 + " " + format3;
for(int i = 0; i < dataEntries.length; i++) {
      System.out.format(formatInfo, dataEntries[i], dataEntries[i], dataEntries[i]);
      System.out.println();
}

Output:

A    BCD     EFGHIJK
BCD  BCD     EFGHIJK
EFGH EFGHIJK KLMNOPQ
KLMN KLMNOPQ KLMNOPQ

Using format strings with fixed size permits to print the strings in a table-like appearance with fixed size columns:

String data[] = new String[] {"A",
                              "BCD",
                              "EFGHIJ",
                              "KLMNOPQR"};
 
String format1 = "%-4.4s"; // fixed size 4 characters, left aligned
String format2 = "%-9.9s"; // fixed size 9 characters, left aligned
String format3 = "%7.7s"; // fixed size 7 characters, right aligned
String customFormat = format1 + " " + format2 + " " + format3;
 
for (int i = 0; i < data.length; i++) {
     System.out.format(customFormat, data[i], data[i], data[i]);
     System.out.println();
}

Output:

A    BCD       EFGHIJ
BCD  BCD       EFGHIJ
EFGH EFGHIJ    KLMNOPQ
KLMN KLMNOPQR 

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Implementing Basic Command-Line Behavior

For basic prototypes or basic command-line behavior, the following loop comes in handy.

public class CustomCli {
    private static final String CLI_PROMPT = "custom-cli>"; // custom console-like string
    private static final String CMD_EXIT = "exit"; // string for exiting the program
    private static final String CMD_GREET = "greet"; // string for printing a greeting
    private static final String CMD_RESULT = "result"; // string for printing a result
 
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        CustomCli customCli = new CustomCli(); // creates an object of this class
        try {
            customCli.start(); // calls the start function to handle the console-like interaction
        } catch (IOException e) {
            e.printStackTrace(); // prints the exception log if there's an issue with user input
        }
    }
 
    private void start() throws IOException {
        String command = "";
 
        BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
        while (!command.equals(CMD_EXIT)) { // terminates console if user input is "exit"
            System.out.print(CLI_PROMPT); // prints the custom console-like string
            command = reader.readLine(); // takes input from the user. user input should be started with
                                          // "greet", "result", or "exit"
            String[] commandArray = command.split(" ");
            if (commandArray[0].equals(CMD_GREET)) { // executes when user input starts with "greet"
                greet(commandArray);
            } else if (commandArray[0].equals(CMD_RESULT)) { // executes when user input starts with "result"
                result(commandArray);
            }
        }
    }
 
    // prints a greeting on the screen if user input starts with "greet"
    private void greet(String[] commandArray) {
        System.out.println("Hello, User!");
    }
 
    // prints a result on the screen if user input starts with "result"
    private void result(String[] commandArray) {
        System.out.println("The result is: 42");
    }
}

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Basic Programs

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• Creating Your First Java Program
• Type Conversion
• Getters and Setters
• Reference Data Types
• Java Compiler - javac
• Documenting Java Code
• Command line Argument Processing
• Java Command - java and javaw
• Literals
• Primitive Data Types

Strings in Java

• Comparing Strings
• Changing the case of characters within a String
• Finding a String Within Another String
• String pool and heap storage
• Splitting Strings
• Joining Strings with a delimiter and Reversing Strings
• String concatenation and StringBuilders
• Substrings and Platform Independent new line Separator
• Adding toString() method for custom objects
• Remove Whitespace from the Beginning and End of a String and Case insensitive switch
• Replacing parts of Strings and Getting the nth character in a String
• Counting occurrences of a substring or character in a string

StringBuffer and StringBuilder

• String Buffer
• String Builder
• String Tokenizer and Splitting a string into fixed length parts

Date Class

• Convert java.util.Date to java.sql.Date and Basic date
• LocalDate and LocalDateTime objects
• Creating a Specific Date and Converting Date to String format
• Convert formatted string representation of date to Date object
• Comparing Date objects
• Converting String into Date and Time Zones and java.util.Date

Dates and Time (java.time.*)

• Dates and Time
• Date Time Formatting and Date Manipulations
• LocalTime

BigDecimal

• Comparing and Using BigDecimals
• BigDecimal.valueOf()
• Mathematical operations with BigDecimal

BigInteger

• Initialization and Generating random BigIntegers
• BigInteger Mathematical Operations Examples
• NumberFormat

Bit Manipulation

• Checking, setting, clearing, and toggling individual bits. Using long as bit mask
• Checking if a number is a power of 2
• Signed vs unsigned shift and Expressing the power of 2

Arrays

• Creating and Initializing Arrays
• Creating a List from an Array
• Multidimensional and Jagged Arrays
• Array Covariance and Arrays to Stream
• Iterating over arrays
• Sorting arrays and Length of an Array
• Finding an element in an array nd change the size of an array
• Primitives and boxed types and Remove an element from an array
• Comparing arrays for equality and Copying arrays

Collections

• Removing items from a List within a loop
• Constructing collections from existing data
• ArrayList and adding objects and Iterating over Collections
• Immutable Empty , Sub and Unmodifiable Collection
• Removing matching items from Lists and Join lists
• Creating your own Iterable structure for use with Iterator or for-each loop

Lists

• Sorting a generic list
• Classes implementing List
• Replacement of a List element and Moving objects around in the list
• Creating, Adding and Removing element from an ArrayList
• Positional Access Operations and Iterating over elements in a list

Sets

• Initialization and Basics of Set
• Types and Usage of Sets

Maps

• Iterating Map Entries Effciently
• Using Default Methods of Map from Java 8
• Usage of HashMap and Iterating through the contents of a Map
• Merging, combine and composing Maps and Add multiple items
• Creating and Initializing Maps
• Check if key exists, Add an element and Clear the map
• LinkedHashMap, WeakHashMap and SortedMap

TreeMap and TreeSet

• TreeMap and TreeSet of a simple Java type
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• TreeMap and TreeSet Thread Safety

Queues and Deques

• Usage of the Queue and Deque
• Stacks and BlockingQueue
• LinkedList as a FIFO Queue and Queue Interface
• Dequeue Interface

Enums

• Declaring and using a basic enum
• Enums with constructors and Abstract Methods
• Implements Interface and Singleton pattern
• Using methods and static blocks and Zero instance enum
• Enum constant specific body and Getting the values of an enum
• Compare and Contains for Enum values and Get enum constant by name
• Convert enum to String and Enums with static fields
• Enum Map , EnumSet class, Enum starting with number and Hashtable

Operators

• Increment/Decrement and Conditional Operator
• Bitwise, Logical and String Concatenation Operators
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• Conditional-and ,Conditional-or and Relational Operators
• Equality and Lambda operator

Constructors

• Default and Call parent Constructor

Object Class Methods and Constructor

• hashCode() method
• toString() and finalize() method
• equals() method
• wait(), notify(), getClass(), clone() methods
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Annotations

• Defining annotation types
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• Getting Annotation values at run-time and Annotations for 'this' and receiver parameters

Immutable Class

• What is the advantage of immutability and Rules and Example

Immutable Objects

• Creating an immutable version of a type using defensive copying
• Typical design flaws which prevent a class from being immutable

Visibility (controlling access to members of a class)

• Private ,Public ,Package and Protected Visibility

Generics

• Creating a Generic Class
• Diamond and Declaring a Generic Method
• Generic parameter and Benefits of Generic class and interface
• Creating a Bounded Generic Class
• Generics to auto-cast and Use of instanceof with Generics

Classes and Objects

• Method Overloading and Overriding
• Constructors and Initializing static final
• Basic Object Construction and Use

Nested and Inner Classes

• Static vs Non Static Nested Classes
• Anonymous Inner Classes and non-static inner class

The java.util.Objects Class

• Basic use for object null check and Objects.nonNull() method

Default Methods

• Why Use, Usage and Accessing overridden of default methods
• interface methods, multiple inheritance and Abstract class

Packages

• Using Packages to create classes and Protected Scope

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• What is Inheritance
• Abstract Classes
• Abstract class and Interface usage
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• Overriding in Inheritance, Variable shadowing and Narrowing and Widening

Reference Types

• Different Reference Types

Console I/O

• Reading user input from the console
• Aligning strings in console and Implementing Basic Command-Line Behavior

Streams

• Using Streams
• Creating a Frequency Map, Infinite and Consuming Streams
• Collect Elements of a Stream into a Collection
• Flatten Streams, Parallel Stream and Implement Mathematical Functions
• Creating a Stream and Finding Statistics about Numerical Streams
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• IntStream to String and Finding the First Element that Matches a Predicate
• Create a Map based on a Stream and Joining a stream to a single String
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InputStreams and OutputStreams

• Reading,Writing,Copying,Closing,Wrapping and InputStream

Readers and Writers

• BufferedReader and StringWriter Example

Preferences

• Using preferences, Adding event listeners and Getting sub-nodes of Preferences
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Collection Factory Methods

• List<E>, Set<E> and Map<K, V> Factory Method Examples

Alternative Collections

• Multimap in Guava, Apache and Eclipse Collections
• Apache HashBag, Guava HashMultiset and Eclipse HashBag
• Compare operation with collections - Create collections

Concurrent Collections

• Insertion into ConcurrentHashMap, Thread-safe and Concurrent Collections

super keyword

• Super keyword use with examples

Serialization

• Basic and Custom Serialization
• Serialization with Gson, Versioning and serialVersionUID
• Custom JSON Deserialization with Jackson

Optional

• Map,Return default value and Throw an exception
• Filter, FlatMap andUsing Optional containers for primitive number types

Object References

• Object References as method parameters

Exceptions and exception handling

• Catching an exception with try-catch
• The try-with-resources statement
• Custom Exceptions and Handling InterruptedException
• Introduction and Return statements in try catch block
• The Java Exception Hierarchy - Unchecked and Checked Exceptions
• Creating and reading stacktraces
• Throwing an exception and Advanced features of Exceptions
• try-catch-finally statements and throws clause in a method declaration

Calendar and its Subclasses

• Creating, Subtracting and Finding AM/PM Calendar

Using the static keyword

• Reference to non-static member from static context

Properties Class

• Reference to non-static member from static context

Lambda Expressions

• Introduction to Java lambdas
• Using Lambda Expressions to Sort a Collection
• Implementing multiple interfaces, Listener and Java Closures with lambda expressions
• Memory utilization, own functional interface and Traditional style to Lambda
• return only returns from the lambda and Execute-around Pattern

Basic Control Structures

• Switch, do while, For Each, Continue Statement in Java
• If, Else If, Else Control, For Loops and Ternary Operator
• Try-Catch-Finally, Break, While Loops, If Else and Nested break / continue

BufferedWriter

• Write a line of text to File

New File I/O

• Creating paths, Manipulating, Retrieving, Reading and Writing files

File I/O

• Migrating from java.io.File to Java 7 NIO
• Reading an image, File Read/Write, Reading all bytes and Copying a file
• Stream vs Writer/Reader API and Reading a file with a Scanner
• Copying a file using InputStream and OutputStream
• Blocking or redirecting standard output / error
• Reading a file using BufferedInputStream

Scanner

• General Pattern that does most commonly asked about tasks
• Custom delimiters, Reading system input and Reading file input using Scanner

Interfaces

• Implementing multiple interfaces, Declaring and Implementing an Interface
• Usefulness of interfaces and Default methods
• Using Interfaces with Generics and Strengthen bounded type parameters

Regular Expressions

• Using capture groups and Escape Characters
• Matching a backslash, Not matching string and Matching with a regex literal

Comparable and Comparator

• Sorting a List using Comparable<T> or a Comparator<T>
• compareTo, compare Methods and Natural vs explicit sorting

Java Floating Point Operations

• Comparing floating point values
• OverFlow and UnderFlow, Formatting the floating point values

Currency and Money

• Add custom currency

Object Cloning

• Cloning performing a deep copy and copy factory
• Cloning using a copy constructor and implementing Clonable interface

Recursion

• Basic idea of Recursion
• StackOverflowError & recursion to loop
• Computing the Nth Fibonacci Number and power of a number

Converting to and from Strings

• Converting String to other datatypes
• Converting other datatypes to String

Random Number Generation

• Pseudo Random Numbers in Specific Range
• Generating Random Numbers with a Specified Seed

Singletons

• Enum Singleton and Singleton without use of Enum, Thread safe Singleton
• Extending singleton (singleton inheritance)

Autoboxing

• Using int and Integer interchangeably and Auto-unboxing may lead to NullPointerException
• Different Cases When Integer and int can be used interchangeably

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