Creating Your First Java Program

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Create a new file in your text editor or IDE named HelloWorld.java

Source Code

public class HelloWorld
{
	public static void main(String[] args)
	{
		System.out.println("Hello, World!");
	}
}

Output

Hello, World!

Note : For Java to recognize this as a public class (and not throw a compile time error), the filename must be the same as the class name (HelloWorld in this example) with a .java extension. There should also be a public access modifier before it.

Naming conventions recommend that Java classes begin with an uppercase character, and be in camel case format (in which the first letter of each word is capitalized).

To compile, open a terminal window and navigate to the directory of HelloWorld.java:

Note : cd is the terminal command to change directory.

Enter javac followed by the file name and extension as follows:

It's fairly common to get the error 'javac' is not recognized as an internal or external command, operable program or batch file. even when you have installed the JDK and are able to run the program from IDE ex. eclipse etc. Since the path is not added to the environment by default.

In case you get this on windows, to resolve, first try browsing to your javac.exe path, it's most probably in your C:\Program Files\Java\jdk(version number)\bin. Then try running it with below.

Previously when we were calling javac it was same as above command. Only in that case your OS knew where javac resided. So let's tell it now, this way you don't have to type the whole path every-time. We would need to add this to our PATH

To edit the PATH environment variable in Windows XP/Vista/7/8/10:

• Control Panel ⇒ System ⇒ Advanced system settings
• Switch to "Advanced" tab ⇒ Environment Variables
• In "System Variables", scroll down to select "PATH" ⇒ Edit

You cannot undo this so be careful. First copy your existing path to notepad. Then to get the exact PATH to your javac browse manually to the folder where javac resides and click on the address bar and then copy it. It should look something like c:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.8.0_xx\bin

In "Variable value" field, paste this IN FRONT of all the existing directories, followed by a semi-colon (;). DO NOT DELETE any existing entries.

Now this should resolve.

Note : The javac command invokes the Java compiler.

The compiler will then generate a bytecode file called HelloWorld.class which can be executed in the Java Virtual Machine (JVM). The Java programming language compiler, javac, reads source files written in the Java programming language and compiles them into bytecode class files. Optionally, the compiler can also process annotations found in source and class files using the Pluggable Annotation Processing API. The compiler is a command line tool but can also be invoked using the Java Compiler API.

To run your program, enter java followed by the name of the class which contains the main method (HelloWorld in our example). Note how the .class is omitted:

Note : The java command runs a Java application.

This will output to your console:

You have successfully coded and built your very first Java program!

Note : In order for Java commands (java, javac, etc) to be recognized, you will need to make sure:

• A JDK is installed (e.g. Oracle, OpenJDK and other sources)
• Your environment variables are properly set up

You will need to use a compiler (javac) and an executor (java) provided by your JVM. To find out which versions you have installed, enter java -version and javac -version on the command line. The version number of your program will be printed in the terminal (e.g. 1.8.0_73).

A closer look at the Hello World program

The "Hello World" program contains a single file, which consists of a HelloWorld class definition, a main method, and a statement inside the main method.

public class HelloWorld
{

The class keyword begins the class definition for a class named HelloWorld. Every Java application contains at least one class definition (Further information about classes).

public static void main(String[] args)
{

This is an entry point method (defined by its name and signature of public static void main(String[])) from which the JVM can run your program. Every Java program should have one. It is:

• public: meaning that the method can be called from anywhere mean from outside the program as well. See Visibility for more information on this.
• static: meaning it exists and can be run by itself (at the class level without creating an object).
• void: meaning it returns no value. Note: This is unlike C and C++ where a return code such as int is expected (Java's way is System.exit()).

This main method accepts:

• An array (typically called args) of Strings passed as arguments to main function (e.g. from command line arguments).

Almost all of this is required for a Java entry point method.

Non-required parts:

• The name args is a variable name, so it can be called anything you want, although it is typically called args.
• Whether its parameter type is an array (String[] args) or Varargs (String... args) does not matter because arrays can be passed into varargs

Note : A single application may have multiple classes containing an entry point (main) method. The entry point of the application is determined by the class name passed as an argument to the java command.

Inside the main method, we see the following statement:

System.out.println("Hello, World!");

Let's break down this statement element-by-element:

Note : Each statement in Java must end with a semicolon (;).

The method body and class body are then closed.

    } // end of main function scope
} // end of class HelloWorld scope

Here's another example demonstrating the OO paradigm. Let's model a student team with one (yes, one!) member. There can be more, but we'll discuss that when we get to arrays.

First, let's define our Team class:

public class Team
{
	Member member;
	public Team(Member member) // who is in this Team?
	{
		this.member = member; // one 'member' is in this Team!
	}
}

Now, let's define our Member class

class Member
{
	private String name;
	private int total;
	private float percentage;
	public Member(String name, int total, float percentage)
	{
		this.name = name;
		this.total = total;
		this.percentage = percentage;
	}
}

Why do we use private here? Well, if someone wanted to know your name, they should ask you directly, instead of reaching into your pocket and pulling out your Social Security card. This private does something like that: it prevents outside entities from accessing your variables. You can only return private members through getter functions (shown below).

After putting it all together, and adding the getters and main method as discussed before, we have:

public class Team
{
	Member member;
	public Team(Member member)
	{ 
	this.member = member; 
	}
	// here's our main method
	public static void main(String[] args)
	{
		Member myMember = new Member("Tiya", 422,84.44);
		Team myTeam = new Team(myMember);
		System.out.println(myTeam.member.getName());
		System.out.println(myTeam.member.getTotal());
		System.out.println(myTeam.member.getPercentage());
	}
}
class Member
{
	private String name;
	private int total;
	private float percentage;
	public Member(String name, int total, float percentage)
	{
		this.name = name;
		this.total = total;
		this.percentage = percentage;
	}
 
	/* let's define our getter functions here */
 
	public String getName() // Enter your name?
	{
		return this.name; // return name
	}
 
	public int getTotal() // Enter your Total?
	{
		return this.total; // return total
	}
 
	public float getPercentage() // Enter your Percentage?
	{
		return this.percentage; // return percentage
	}
}

Output

Tiya
422
84.44

Once again, the main method inside the Test class is the entry point to our program. Without the main method, we cannot tell the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) from where to begin execution of the program.

• Next

Basic Programs

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• Creating Your First Java Program
• Type Conversion
• Getters and Setters
• Reference Data Types
• Java Compiler - javac
• Documenting Java Code
• Command line Argument Processing
• Java Command - java and javaw
• Literals
• Primitive Data Types

Strings in Java

• Comparing Strings
• Changing the case of characters within a String
• Finding a String Within Another String
• String pool and heap storage
• Splitting Strings
• Joining Strings with a delimiter and Reversing Strings
• String concatenation and StringBuilders
• Substrings and Platform Independent new line Separator
• Adding toString() method for custom objects
• Remove Whitespace from the Beginning and End of a String and Case insensitive switch
• Replacing parts of Strings and Getting the nth character in a String
• Counting occurrences of a substring or character in a string

StringBuffer and StringBuilder

• String Buffer
• String Builder
• String Tokenizer and Splitting a string into fixed length parts

Date Class

• Convert java.util.Date to java.sql.Date and Basic date
• LocalDate and LocalDateTime objects
• Creating a Specific Date and Converting Date to String format
• Convert formatted string representation of date to Date object
• Comparing Date objects
• Converting String into Date and Time Zones and java.util.Date

Dates and Time (java.time.*)

• Dates and Time
• Date Time Formatting and Date Manipulations
• LocalTime

BigDecimal

• Comparing and Using BigDecimals
• BigDecimal.valueOf()
• Mathematical operations with BigDecimal

BigInteger

• Initialization and Generating random BigIntegers
• BigInteger Mathematical Operations Examples
• NumberFormat

Bit Manipulation

• Checking, setting, clearing, and toggling individual bits. Using long as bit mask
• Checking if a number is a power of 2
• Signed vs unsigned shift and Expressing the power of 2

Arrays

• Creating and Initializing Arrays
• Creating a List from an Array
• Multidimensional and Jagged Arrays
• Array Covariance and Arrays to Stream
• Iterating over arrays
• Sorting arrays and Length of an Array
• Finding an element in an array nd change the size of an array
• Primitives and boxed types and Remove an element from an array
• Comparing arrays for equality and Copying arrays

Collections

• Removing items from a List within a loop
• Constructing collections from existing data
• ArrayList and adding objects and Iterating over Collections
• Immutable Empty , Sub and Unmodifiable Collection
• Removing matching items from Lists and Join lists
• Creating your own Iterable structure for use with Iterator or for-each loop

Lists

• Sorting a generic list
• Classes implementing List
• Replacement of a List element and Moving objects around in the list
• Creating, Adding and Removing element from an ArrayList
• Positional Access Operations and Iterating over elements in a list

Sets

• Initialization and Basics of Set
• Types and Usage of Sets

Maps

• Iterating Map Entries Effciently
• Using Default Methods of Map from Java 8
• Usage of HashMap and Iterating through the contents of a Map
• Merging, combine and composing Maps and Add multiple items
• Creating and Initializing Maps
• Check if key exists, Add an element and Clear the map
• LinkedHashMap, WeakHashMap and SortedMap

TreeMap and TreeSet

• TreeMap and TreeSet of a simple Java type
• TreeMap and TreeSet of a custom Java type
• TreeMap and TreeSet Thread Safety

Queues and Deques

• Usage of the Queue and Deque
• Stacks and BlockingQueue
• LinkedList as a FIFO Queue and Queue Interface
• Dequeue Interface

Enums

• Declaring and using a basic enum
• Enums with constructors and Abstract Methods
• Implements Interface and Singleton pattern
• Using methods and static blocks and Zero instance enum
• Enum constant specific body and Getting the values of an enum
• Compare and Contains for Enum values and Get enum constant by name
• Convert enum to String and Enums with static fields
• Enum Map , EnumSet class, Enum starting with number and Hashtable

Operators

• Increment/Decrement and Conditional Operator
• Bitwise, Logical and String Concatenation Operators
• Arithmetic Operators
• Shift and Instanceof Operators
• Assignment Operators
• Conditional-and ,Conditional-or and Relational Operators
• Equality and Lambda operator

Constructors

• Default and Call parent Constructor

Object Class Methods and Constructor

• hashCode() method
• toString() and finalize() method
• equals() method
• wait(), notify(), getClass(), clone() methods
• Object constructor

Annotations

• Defining annotation types
• Built-in annotations
• Compile time processing using annotation processor
• Repeating and Inherited Annotations
• Getting Annotation values at run-time and Annotations for 'this' and receiver parameters

Immutable Class

• What is the advantage of immutability and Rules and Example

Immutable Objects

• Creating an immutable version of a type using defensive copying
• Typical design flaws which prevent a class from being immutable

Visibility (controlling access to members of a class)

• Private ,Public ,Package and Protected Visibility

Generics

• Creating a Generic Class
• Diamond and Declaring a Generic Method
• Generic parameter and Benefits of Generic class and interface
• Creating a Bounded Generic Class
• Generics to auto-cast and Use of instanceof with Generics

Classes and Objects

• Method Overloading and Overriding
• Constructors and Initializing static final
• Basic Object Construction and Use

Nested and Inner Classes

• Static vs Non Static Nested Classes
• Anonymous Inner Classes and non-static inner class

The java.util.Objects Class

• Basic use for object null check and Objects.nonNull() method

Default Methods

• Why Use, Usage and Accessing overridden of default methods
• interface methods, multiple inheritance and Abstract class

Packages

• Using Packages to create classes and Protected Scope

Inheritance

• What is Inheritance
• Abstract Classes
• Abstract class and Interface usage
• Programming to an interface
• Overriding in Inheritance, Variable shadowing and Narrowing and Widening

Reference Types

• Different Reference Types

Console I/O

• Reading user input from the console
• Aligning strings in console and Implementing Basic Command-Line Behavior

Streams

• Using Streams
• Creating a Frequency Map, Infinite and Consuming Streams
• Collect Elements of a Stream into a Collection
• Flatten Streams, Parallel Stream and Implement Mathematical Functions
• Creating a Stream and Finding Statistics about Numerical Streams
• Concatenate Streams and Reduction with Streams
• IntStream to String and Finding the First Element that Matches a Predicate
• Create a Map based on a Stream and Joining a stream to a single String
• Streams of Primitives and Stream operations categories

InputStreams and OutputStreams

• Reading,Writing,Copying,Closing,Wrapping and InputStream

Readers and Writers

• BufferedReader and StringWriter Example

Preferences

• Using preferences, Adding event listeners and Getting sub-nodes of Preferences
• Exporting, Importing preferences and Getting, Setting preferences values

Collection Factory Methods

• List<E>, Set<E> and Map<K, V> Factory Method Examples

Alternative Collections

• Multimap in Guava, Apache and Eclipse Collections
• Apache HashBag, Guava HashMultiset and Eclipse HashBag
• Compare operation with collections - Create collections

Concurrent Collections

• Insertion into ConcurrentHashMap, Thread-safe and Concurrent Collections

super keyword

• Super keyword use with examples

Serialization

• Basic and Custom Serialization
• Serialization with Gson, Versioning and serialVersionUID
• Custom JSON Deserialization with Jackson

Optional

• Map,Return default value and Throw an exception
• Filter, FlatMap andUsing Optional containers for primitive number types

Object References

• Object References as method parameters

Exceptions and exception handling

• Catching an exception with try-catch
• The try-with-resources statement
• Custom Exceptions and Handling InterruptedException
• Introduction and Return statements in try catch block
• The Java Exception Hierarchy - Unchecked and Checked Exceptions
• Creating and reading stacktraces
• Throwing an exception and Advanced features of Exceptions
• try-catch-finally statements and throws clause in a method declaration

Calendar and its Subclasses

• Creating, Subtracting and Finding AM/PM Calendar

Using the static keyword

• Reference to non-static member from static context

Properties Class

• Reference to non-static member from static context

Lambda Expressions

• Introduction to Java lambdas
• Using Lambda Expressions to Sort a Collection
• Implementing multiple interfaces, Listener and Java Closures with lambda expressions
• Memory utilization, own functional interface and Traditional style to Lambda
• return only returns from the lambda and Execute-around Pattern

Basic Control Structures

• Switch, do while, For Each, Continue Statement in Java
• If, Else If, Else Control, For Loops and Ternary Operator
• Try-Catch-Finally, Break, While Loops, If Else and Nested break / continue

BufferedWriter

• Write a line of text to File

New File I/O

• Creating paths, Manipulating, Retrieving, Reading and Writing files

File I/O

• Migrating from java.io.File to Java 7 NIO
• Reading an image, File Read/Write, Reading all bytes and Copying a file
• Stream vs Writer/Reader API and Reading a file with a Scanner
• Copying a file using InputStream and OutputStream
• Blocking or redirecting standard output / error
• Reading a file using BufferedInputStream

Scanner

• General Pattern that does most commonly asked about tasks
• Custom delimiters, Reading system input and Reading file input using Scanner

Interfaces

• Implementing multiple interfaces, Declaring and Implementing an Interface
• Usefulness of interfaces and Default methods
• Using Interfaces with Generics and Strengthen bounded type parameters

Regular Expressions

• Using capture groups and Escape Characters
• Matching a backslash, Not matching string and Matching with a regex literal

Comparable and Comparator

• Sorting a List using Comparable<T> or a Comparator<T>
• compareTo, compare Methods and Natural vs explicit sorting

Java Floating Point Operations

• Comparing floating point values
• OverFlow and UnderFlow, Formatting the floating point values

Currency and Money

• Add custom currency

Object Cloning

• Cloning performing a deep copy and copy factory
• Cloning using a copy constructor and implementing Clonable interface

Recursion

• Basic idea of Recursion
• StackOverflowError & recursion to loop
• Computing the Nth Fibonacci Number and power of a number

Converting to and from Strings

• Converting String to other datatypes
• Converting other datatypes to String

Random Number Generation

• Pseudo Random Numbers in Specific Range
• Generating Random Numbers with a Specified Seed

Singletons

• Enum Singleton and Singleton without use of Enum, Thread safe Singleton
• Extending singleton (singleton inheritance)

Autoboxing

• Using int and Integer interchangeably and Auto-unboxing may lead to NullPointerException
• Different Cases When Integer and int can be used interchangeably

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