Different Reference Types

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java.lang.ref package provides reference-object classes, which support a limited degree of interaction with the garbage collector.

Java has four main different reference types. They are:

• Strong Reference
• Weak Reference
• Soft Reference
• Phantom Reference

1. Strong Reference

This is the usual form of creating objects.

MyObject myObject = new MyObject();

The variable holder is holding a strong reference to the object created. As long as this variable is live and holds this value, the MyObject instance will not be collected by the garbage collector.

2. Weak Reference

When you do not want to keep an object longer, and you need to clear/free the memory allocated for an object as soon as possible, this is the way to do so.

WeakReference myObjectRef = new WeakReference(MyObject);

Simply, a weak reference is a reference that isn't strong enough to force an object to remain in memory. Weak references allow you to leverage the garbage collector's ability to determine reachability for you, so you don't have to do it yourself.

When you need the object you created, just use .get() method:

myObjectRef.get();

Following code will exemplify this:

WeakReference myObjectRef = new WeakReference(MyObject);
System.out.println(myObjectRef.get()); // This will print the object reference address
System.gc();
System.out.println(myObjectRef.get()); // This will print 'null' if the GC cleaned up the object

3. Soft Reference

Soft references are slightly stronger than weak references. You can create a soft referenced object as following:

SoftReference myObjectRef = new SoftReference(MyObject);

They can hold onto the memory more strongly than the weak reference. If you have enough memory supply/resources, garbage collector will not clean the soft references as enthusiastically as weak references.

Soft references are handy to use in caching. You can create soft referenced objects as a cache, where they kept until your memory runs out. When your memory can't supply enough resources, garbage collector will remove soft references.

SoftReference myObjectRef = new SoftReference(MyObject);
System.out.println(myObjectRef.get()); // This will print the reference address of the Object
System.gc();
System.out.println(myObjectRef.get()); // This may or may not print the reference address of the Object

4. Phantom Reference

This is the weakest referencing type. If you created an object reference using Phantom Reference, the get() method will always return null!

The use of this referencing is that "Phantom reference objects, which are enqueued after the collector determines that their referents may otherwise be reclaimed. Phantom references are most often used for scheduling pre-mortem cleanup actions in a more flexible way than is possible with the Java finalization mechanism." - From Phantom Reference Javadoc from Oracle.

You can create an object of Phantom Reference as following:

PhantomReference myObjectRef = new PhantomReference(MyObject);

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• Creating Your First Java Program
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• Reference Data Types
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Properties Class

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Currency and Money

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Object Cloning

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Recursion

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• Computing the Nth Fibonacci Number and power of a number

Converting to and from Strings

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Random Number Generation

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Singletons

• Enum Singleton and Singleton without use of Enum, Thread safe Singleton
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Autoboxing

• Using int and Integer interchangeably and Auto-unboxing may lead to NullPointerException
• Different Cases When Integer and int can be used interchangeably

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